Luigi Palmieri (Faicchio, 1807 – Naples, 1896) was a leading figure in nineteenth-century Italian physics and volcanology. Leading the Vesuvius Observatory for over forty years, he made it a permanent and rigorously scientific observation center for seismic and volcanic phenomena. He developed innovative instruments for recording earthquakes, anticipating modern instrumental seismology. His research on eruptions and ground deformation contributed significantly to the understanding of Vesuvius's activity.